References of (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,
8-tetraen-1-ol
Title: Vitamin A
CAS Registry Number: 68-26-8
CAS Name: Retinol
Synonyms: all-trans-retinol; (
all-E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol; anti-infective vitamin; antixerophthalmic vitamin; axerophthol; lard-factor; oleovitamin A; ophthalamin (obsolete); vitamin A1; vitamin A alcohol
Trademarks: Aquasol A (AAI); Avibon (Aventis); Avitol (Lannacher); Vogan (Merck KGaA)
Molecular Formula: C20H30O
Molecular Weight: 286.45
Percent Composition: C 83.86%, H 10.56%, O 5.59%
Literature References: Fat soluble, essential micronutrient. Occurs preformed only in animals; metabolized from carotenoids, such as b-carotene,
q.v., in the intestinal mucosa. Dietary sources include liver, milk, butter, cheese, eggs and fish liver oils or as carotenoids from fruits and vegetables. Stored primarily in the liver in esterified form; transported in the blood by
retinol binding protein (RBP). Oxidized to retinal,
q.v., a key component of the visual system, and to retinoic acid,
q.v., which effects gene expression via specific nuclear receptors. Identification as essential nutrient in butter and egg: E. V. McCollum, M. Davis,
J. Biol. Chem. 15, 167 (1913). Isoln from fish oil: P. Karrer
et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 14, 1036 (1931). Structure:
eidem, ibid. 1431; I. M. Heilbron
et al., Biochem. J. 26, 1194 (1932). Synthesis: O. Isler
et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 30, 1911 (1947); N. L. Wendler
et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 234 (1950); T. Mukaiyama, A. Ishida,
Chem. Lett. 1975, 1201. Stereospecific synthesis: P. S. Manchand
et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 59, 567 (1976); G. Cardillo
et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1979, 1729. Toxicology: J. J. Kamm,
J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 6, 652 (1982). Review: W. Friedrich in
Vitamins (Walter de Gruyter, New York, 1988) pp 63-140. Book:
The Retinoids, M. B. Sporn
et al., Eds. (Raven Press, New York, 1994) 679pp. Review of role in vision: R. K. Crouch
et al., Photochem. Photobiol. 64, 613-621 (1996); of physiological functions and dietary requirements in humans: H. Gerster,
Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 67, 71-90 (1997); of metabolism and transport: E. H. Harrison,
Annu. Rev. Nutr. 18, 259-276 (1998).
Properties: Solvated crystals from polar solvents, such as methanol or ethyl formate. mp 62-64°. Distills at 120-125° at 5′10-3 mm pressure.
nD22 1.6410 (calculated from refractive indexes of 20-70% solns in mineral oil). uv max (ethanol): 324-325 nm (E1%1cm 1835). Practically insol in water or glycerol. Sol in abs alcohol, methanol, chloroform, ether, fats and oils. Exhibits a yellow-green fluorescence when irradiated with Xuv light. LD50 (10 day) in mice (mg/kg): 1510 i.p.; 2570 orally (Kamm).
Melting point: mp 62-64°
Index of refraction: nD22 1.6410 (calculated from refractive indexes of 20-70% solns in mineral oil)
Absorption maximum: uv max (ethanol): 324-325 nm (E1%1cm 1835)
Toxicity data: LD50 (10 day) in mice (mg/kg): 1510 i.p.; 2570 orally (Kamm)
Derivative Type: Acetate
CAS Registry Number: 127-47-9
Molecular Formula: C22H32O2
Molecular Weight: 328.49
Percent Composition: C 80.44%, H 9.82%, O 9.74%
Properties: Pale yellow prismatic crystals from methanol, mp 57-58°. uv max (ethanol): 326 nm (E1%1cm 1550). LD50 (10 day) orally in mice: 4100 mg/kg (Kamm).
Melting point: mp 57-58°
Absorption maximum: uv max (ethanol): 326 nm (E1%1cm 1550)
Toxicity data: LD50 (10 day) orally in mice: 4100 mg/kg (Kamm)
Derivative Type: Palmitate
CAS Registry Number: 79-81-2
Trademarks: Arovit (Roche); Optovit-A (Hermes)
Molecular Formula: C36H60O2
Molecular Weight: 524.86
Percent Composition: C 82.38%, H 11.52%, O 6.10%
Properties: Predominant storage form of vitamin A in the liver. Amorphous or cryst. mp 28-29°. uv max (ethanol): 325-328 nm (E1%1cm 975). LD50 (10 day) in mice, rats (mg/kg): 6060, 7910 orally (Kamm).
Melting point: mp 28-29°
Absorption maximum: uv max (ethanol): 325-328 nm (E1%1cm 975)
Toxicity data: LD50 (10 day) in mice, rats (mg/kg): 6060, 7910 orally (Kamm)
Derivative Type: 13-
cis Form
see Neovitamin A
Therap-Cat: Vitamin (antixerophthalmic).
Therap-Cat-Vet: Nutritional factor.
Keywords: Vitamin/Vitamin Source; Vitamin A.
