Title: Biotin
CAS Registry Number: 58-85-5
CAS Name: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1
H-thieno[3,4-
d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid
Synonyms: cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4-
d]imidazoline-4-valeric acid;
cis-hexahydro-2-oxo-1
H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid; vitamin H; coenzyme R; bios II
Trademarks: Biodermatin (Lafare)
Molecular Formula: C10H16N2O3S
Molecular Weight: 244.31
Percent Composition: C 49.16%, H 6.60%, N 11.47%, O 19.65%, S 13.12%
Literature References: Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. Plays an indispensable role in numerous naturally occurring carboxylation reactions. Occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides. The richest sources are liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. The biotin content of cancerous tumors is higher than that of normal tissue. Biotin combines with the proteinaceous substance, avidin, in raw egg-white and becomes inactive. When on diets contg large amounts of raw egg-white the rat or chick develops characteristic skin lesions and growth is retarded; these symptoms can be prevented by feeding additional biotin. Isoln from egg yolk: K?gl, T?nnis,
Z. Physiol. Chem. 242, 43 (1936); from liver: Gy?rgy
et al., J. Biol. Chem. 131, 745 (1939); du Vigneaud
et al., ibid. 140, 643 (1941). Identity of biotin with vitamin H: du Vigneaud
et al., Science 92, 62 (1940). Structure: du Vigneaud
et al., J. Biol. Chem. 146, 475 (1942). First synthesis: Harris
et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 67, 2096 (1945). Configuration: Traub,
Nature 178, 649 (1956). Stereospecific total synthesis of the naturally occurring
d-form: P. N. Confalone
et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 5936 (1975);
eidem, J. Org. Chem. 42, 1630 (1977); T. Ogawa
et al., Carbohydr. Res. 57, C31 (1977); F. G. M. Vogel
et al., Ann. 1980, 1972; R. R. Schmidt, M. Maier,
Synthesis 1982, 747. Synthesis of the
dl-form: P. N. Confalone
et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 59, 1005 (1976); M. Marx
et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 6794 (1977); A. Fliri, K. Hohenlohe-Oehringen,
Ber. 113, 607 (1980); Ph. Rossy
et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 22, 3493 (1981). Biosynthetic studies: R. J. Parry, M. G. Kunitani,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 4024 (1976); R. J. Parry, M. V. Naidu,
Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 4783. Coordination properties: H. Siegel,
Experientia 37, 789 (1981). Mechanism of action: M. J. Cravey, H. Kohn,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 3928 (1980); D. L. Vesely,
Science 216, 1329 (1982).
Reviews: A. F. Wagner, K. Folkers,
Vitamins and Coenzymes (Wiley, New York, 1964) pp 138-159; Harris in
The Vitamins vol. II, W. H. Sebrell, R. S. Harris, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 2nd ed., 1968) pp 261-359; D. B. McCormick,
Nutr. Rev. 33, 97-102 (1975). Review of assay methods: P. Gy?rgy,
The Vitamins vol. VII, P. Gyorgy, W. N. Pearson, Eds. (1967) pp 303-313.
Properties: Characteristics of biotin isolated from liver or milk (K?gl's b-biotin): fine long needles, mp 232-233°. [a]D21 +91° (c = 1 in 0.1
N NaOH). Isoelec pt pH 3.5. pH of 0.01% aq soln 4.5. Soly at 25° (mg/100 ml): water ~22; 95% alc ~80. More sol in hot water and in dil alkali. Insol in other common organic solvents. The pure compd is stable to air and temp. Moderately acid and neutral solns are stable several months; alkaline solns are less stable, but appear reasonably stable up to a pH of about 9. Aq solns are very susceptible to mold growth. Acidic solns can be heat sterilized.
Melting point: mp 232-233°
Optical Rotation: [a]D21 +91° (c = 1 in 0.1
N NaOH)
Therap-Cat: Vitamin (enzyme cofactor).
Therap-Cat-Vet: Vitamin (enzyme cofactor).
Keywords: Vitamin/Vitamin Source.
